COVID-19 and the gastrointestinal tract: what do we already know?

The new coronavirus disease pandemic is defining 2020, with almost 17.5 million infected individuals and 700 thousand deaths up to beginning of August. It is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and the transmission is through the respiratory tract. Those infected may be asymptomatic, present typical symptoms (fever, dry cough and dyspnea), gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain) and viral RNA in stools. The objective of this work was to review the literature related to the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms, and to check the possibility of fecal-oral transmission. We searched PubMed® database on COVID-19 and gastrointestinal tract and selected articles using the PRISMA method. We eliminated articles based on titles and abstracts, small number of patients and the mechanism of infection, leaving 14 studies. Comorbidities and laboratory alterations (elevation of hepatic aminotransferases and bilirubin) were related to worsening of the disease. The prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms ranged from 6.8% to 61.3%, including diarrhea (8.14% to 33.7%), nausea/vomiting (1.53% to 26.4%), anorexia (12.1% to 40.0%) and abdominal pain (0% to 14.5%). The presence of viral RNA in stools was rarely tested, but positive in 0% to 48.1%. The gastrointestinal tract is affected by COVID-19, causing specific symptoms, laboratory alterations and viral presence in the feces. However, the results of prevalence and possibility of fecal-oral transmission were varied, requiring further studies for more assertive conclusions. It is important that healthcare professionals draw attention to this fact, since these changes can help make diagnosis and initiate early treatment.

COVID-19 and the gastrointestinal tract: what do we already know?

ABSTRACT The new coronavirus disease pandemic is defining 2020, with almost 17.5 million infected individuals and 700 thousand deaths up to beginning of August. It is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and the transmission is through the respiratory tract. Those infected may be asymptomatic, present typical symptoms (fever, dry cough and dyspnea), gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain) and viral RNA in stools. The objective of this work was to review the literature related to the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms, and to check the possibility of fecal-oral transmission. We searched PubMed® database on COVID-19 and gastrointestinal tract and selected articles using the PRISMA method. We eliminated articles based on titles and abstracts, small number of patients and the mechanism of infection, leaving 14 studies. Comorbidities and laboratory alterations (elevation of hepatic aminotransferases and bilirubin) were related to worsening of the disease. The prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms ranged from 6.8% to 61.3%, including diarrhea (8.14% to 33.7%), nausea/vomiting (1.53% to 26.4%), anorexia (12.1% to 40.0%) and abdominal pain (0% to 14.5%). The presence of viral RNA in stools was rarely tested, but positive in 0% to 48.1%. The gastrointestinal tract is affected by COVID-19, causing specific symptoms, laboratory alterations and viral presence in the feces. However, the results of prevalence and possibility of fecal-oral transmission were varied, requiring further studies for more assertive conclusions. It is important that healthcare professionals draw attention to this fact, since these changes can help make diagnosis and initiate early treatment. RESUMO Com quase 17,5 milhões de infectados e 700 mil mortos até o início de agosto no mundo, a pandemia do novo coronavírus está marcando o ano de 2020. O agente causador da doença é o vírus SARS-CoV-2, e a transmissão é por via respiratória. Os infectados podem ser assintomáticos, apresentar sintomas típicos (febre, tosse seca e dispneia), sintomas gastrintestinais (diarreia, náusea, vômito e dor abdominal) e RNA viral nas fezes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar a literatura relacionada com a prevalência dos sintomas gastrintestinais, e verificar se é possível a transmissão fecal-oral da doença. Fizemos uma pesquisa na base de dados PubMed® sobre a COVID-19 e o trato gastrintestinal, selecionando artigos pelo método PRISMA. Eliminamos artigos com base em títulos e resumos, quantidade pequena de pacientes e sobre mecanismo de infecção, restando 14 estudos. Comorbidades e alterações laboratoriais (elevação de aminotransferases hepáticas e bilirrubina) foram relacionadas com piora da doença. A prevalência de sintomas gastrintestinais variou entre 6,8% e 61,3%, sendo eles diarreia (8,14% a 33,7%), náusea/vômito (1,53% a 26,4%), anorexia (12,1% a 40,0%) e dor abdominal (0% a 14,5%). A presença do RNA viral foi pouco testada, mas foi positiva entre 0% a 48,1%. O trato gastrintestinal é muito acometido pela COVID-19, provocando sintomas específicos, alterações laboratoriais e presença viral nas fezes. Contudo, os resultados de prevalência e a possibilidade de transmissão fecal-oral foram variados, necessitando de estudos maiores para conclusões mais assertivas. É importante a atenção de profissionais da saúde a isso, visto que essas alterações podem ajudar no diagnóstico e a iniciar tratamento precoce.